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contentions over points of law, or in quarrels affecting dignity, or in blood feuds, seeks both requital and surety in the most valuable things that the enemy possesses, namely, the animals of his herd. Young men who have not been on a baranta must first acquire the name batir, hero, and thus earn the claim to honor and respect. The pleasure of ownership joined to the desire for adventure develops the triple descending gradation of avenger, hero and robber."20 An identicaldevelopment takes place with the sea nomads, the "Vikings,"as with the land nomads. This is quite natural, since in the most important cases noted in the history of mankind, sea nomads are simply land nomads taking to the sea. We have noted above one of the innumerable examples which indicate that the herdsman does not long hesitate to use for marauding expeditions, instead of the horse or the "ship of the desert," the "horses of the sea." This case is exemplified by the East Caspian [47]Turkomans.21 Another example is furnished by the Scythians: "From the moment when they learn from their neighbors the art of navigating the seas, these wandering herdsmen, whom Homer (Iliad, XIII, 3) calls 'respected horsemen, milk-eaters and poor, the most just of men,' change into daring navigators like their Baltic and Scandinavian brethren. Strabo (Cas., 301) complains: 'since they have ventured on the sea, carrying on piracy and murdering foreigners, they have become worse; and hiociating with many peoples, they adopt their petty trading and spendthrift habits.'"22 If the Phænicians really were "Semites," they furnish an additional example of incomparable importance of the transformation of land into "sea Bedouins," i.e., warlike robbers; and the same is probably true for the majority of the numerous peoples who looted the rich countries around the Mediterranean, whether from the coast of Asia Minor, Dalmatia, or from the North African shore. These begin from the earliest times, as we see [48]from the Egyptian monuments (the Greeks werenot admitted into Egypt),23 and continue to the present day: e.g., the Riff pirates.The North African "Moors," an amalgamation of Arabs and of Berbers, both originally land nomads, are perhaps the most celebrated example of this change. There arecases in which sea nomads—that is to say, sea robbers—arise immediately from fishermen, with no intermediate herdsman stage. Wehave already examined the causes which give the herdsmen their superiority over the peasantry: the relatively numerous population of the horde, combined with an activity which develops courageand quick resolution in the individual, and educates the mhi as awhole to tense discipline. all this applies also to fishermen dwelling on the sea. Rich fishing grounds permit a considerable density of population, as is shown in the case of the North-west Indians (Tlinkit, etc.); these permit also the keeping of slaves, since the slave earns more by fishing than his keep amounts to. [49]Thus we find, here alone among the redskins, slavery developed as an institution; and we find, therefore, along with it, permanent economic differences among the himen, which result in a sort of plutocracy similar to that noted among herdsmen. Here, as there, the habit of command over slaves produces the habit of rule and a taste for the "political means." This is favored by the tense discipline developed in navigation. "Not the least advantage of fishing in common is found in the discipline of the crews. They must render implicit obedience to a leader chosen in each of .